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Tlazolteotl did not originate with the Aztecs. She came from the Huastec people of the Gulf Coast and was absorbed into the Aztec pantheon when the Triple Alliance subjugated the Huasteca around 1450.  The Aztecs reshaped her but preserved her essential contradiction: she was simultaneously the goddess who incited sexual transgression and the goddess who consumed it.  The same deity who led people into sin was the only one who could take it back. Her most important epithet was Tlaelquani, meaning eater of filth, a title that described her ritual function precisely.  In Aztec theology, tlazolli referred not just to physical waste but to moral and sexual pollution.  These were understood as the same category of substance, a contamination of the body and spirit that accumulated through misconduct and could make a person sick, unlucky, or spiritually dangerous to those around them.  The solution was confession through her priests, who acted as intermedia...

Depiction of the Dutch assault on a Balinese stronghold during the Dutch intervention in Karangasem, 1894. This was a part of a string of Dutch interventions in and around Bali that led to the total colonization of both Bali and Lombok (parts of modern day Indonesia) by the early 1900s. In the nineteenth century, the Balinese rulers of the Mataram-Cakranegara kingdo (closely tied to the Balinese kingdom of Karangasem) governed a largely Muslim Sasak population. Tensions between the Balinese elite and the Sasaks had grown throughout the century after forced conscription campaigns and harsh repression of local resistance. By the early 1890s, rebellion spread across eastern Lombok, creating instability and famine. Several Sasak leaders eventually appealed to the Dutch for protection and military assistance. The Dutch colonial government saw the rebellion as an opportunity to extend its authority deeper into Bali and the eastern islands. Initially, Dutch officials imposed a nav...

Foto ini bukan editan warna tanah biasa. Yang kiri adalah Terra Preta atau “Black Earth”, tanah hitam super subur yang dibuat manusia ribuan tahun lalu di Hutan Amazon. Sedangkan yang kanan adalah tanah Amazon biasa yang cenderung miskin nutrisi. Yang bikin ilmuwan kagum, tanah hitam ini masih subur sampai sekarang, bahkan setelah lebih dari 2.000 tahun 😳 Dulu para peneliti bingung karena sebagian besar tanah Amazon sebenarnya asam dan kurang cocok untuk pertanian besar. Tapi di beberapa area ditemukan tanah hitam pekat yang jauh lebih kaya unsur hara. Setelah diteliti, ternyata tanah ini bukan terbentuk alami sepenuhnya, melainkan hasil rekayasa masyarakat adat Amazon kuno selama ratusan tahun. Mereka mencampur arang kayu (mirip biochar), sisa makanan, tulang hewan, pupuk organik, abu, hingga pecahan tembikar ke dalam tanah. Arang di dalamnya berfungsi seperti spons: menyimpan air dan nutrisi, sekaligus jadi rumah bagi mikroorganisme tanah. Karena itu Terra Pr...

Architecture The architect who formalized Balinese style was Sri Lankan. His name was Geoffrey Bawa. Geoffrey Bawa was a Sri Lankan architect. In the 1960s, he developed what would later be called Tropical Modernism — a design approach that took local building tradition seriously, then gave it modernist form. He was, by most accounts, the best architect in Asia at the time. In 1971, Australian painter Donald Friend visited Bawa’s estate in Sri Lanka. He saw his recent works. He was convinced. He invited Bawa to Bali — to design a resort of private villas on his beachfront property in Sanur. Bawa arrived in 1973. The first buildings Donald showed him weren’t hotels. They were the courtyards and water palaces of Klungkung — East Bali’s royal architecture, built across centuries. That became his reference point. The first move: compound logic. Not a hotel as one structure. A collection of pavilions, each with its own roof and function — sleeping, dining, bathing — organized ar...

Bahaya Tabung CNG 3kg, Jika Meledak bukan hanya dapur yang hancur tapi rumah bahkan bangunan sekitar, dan serpihannya terbang seperti peluru. Kanda bahlillahadalia harus hati-hari sekali ini dengan idenya. Di seluruh dunia tak ada yang menggunakan tabung untuk memanfaatkan CNG (Metana) untuk keperluan rumah tangga. Bukan karena mereka tidak mampu membuat tabung yang aman, tapi risiko besar yang akan muncul jika CNG dimampatkan ke tabung karena butuh tekanan SANGAT BESAR 200bar  Tekanan 200 bar itu seperti tekanan terhadap benda yang berada di kedalaman 2.000 meter (1 bar ekuivalen dgn kedalaman 10 meter). Bayangkan, Kapal Selam TNI AL saja maksimal hanya mampu menahan tekanan sampai kedalaman 500 m (mungkin kurang), lebih dari itu bakal remuk dan pecah karena strukturnya ndak mampu menahan beban. Sekarang ada tabung CNG, yang di dalamnya ada tekanan 200 bar, diurus ibu rumah tangga di Indonesia, yang pasti tidak tahu bahwa ada bom siap meledak jika salah penanganan. Ing...

Prasasti Laguna, bukti ekspansi Mdang ke asia tenggara. Pada tanggal 21 April 900 Masehi atau tahun 822 Saka, lahirlah sebuah dokumen luar biasa dari kawasan Filipina yang kini dikenal dunia sebagai ... sebuah prasasti keping tembaga yang ditemukan di dekat Laguna de Bay dan kini disimpan di Museum Nasional Filipina... Prasasti ini ditulis menggunakan aksara Jawa Kuna dengan campuran bahasa Melayu Kuna, Sanskerta, Jawa Kuna, dan unsur bahasa lokal Filipina Tagalog kuna... menunjukkan betapa terhubungnya dunia maritim Asia Tenggara lebih dari seribu tahun lalu... Isi prasasti tersebut bukan kisah perang atau penaklukan... melainkan surat penghapusan hutang seorang tokoh bernama Dang Hwan Namwaran beserta seluruh keturunannya... namun justru dari dokumen administratif sederhana inilah muncul petunjuk besar tentang hubungan antarwilayah Nusantara dan Filipina pada abad ke-X... Di dalam prasasti disebutkan nama-nama tempat seperti Tundun, Pailah, Puliran, Binwangan, dan yang pa...